There is a dirty little secret in economics today: The United States has benefited – and continues to benefit – from the global slump. The U.S. economy is humming along, even while protesters in the United Kingdom hurl milkshakes at Brexiteers, French President Emmanuel Macron confronts nihilist yellow-vested marchers, and Chinese tech firms such as Huawei fear being frozen out of foreign markets.
Last year, the U.S. economy grew by 2.9%, while the eurozone expanded by just 1.8%, giving President Donald Trump even more confidence in his confrontational style. But relatively strong U.S. growth amid sluggishness elsewhere is not what economics textbooks would predict. Whatever happened to the tightly integrated world economy that the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank have been advocating – and more recently extolling – since World War II?
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The U.S. economy is in a temporary but potent phase in which weakness abroad lifts spirits at home. But this economic euphoria has nothing to do with Trump-era spite and malice, and much to do with interest rates.
Borrowing costs are currently lower than at any time since the founding of the U.S. Federal Reserve in 1913, or in the U.K.’s case since the Bank of England was established in 1694. The 10-year U.S. Treasury bond is yielding about 2.123%, and in April, the streaming service Netflix issued junk bonds at a rate of just 5.4%.
If a Rip Van Winkle economist were to wake up today after a decadeslong sleep and see only those numbers, he or she would assume that one-fifth of Americans were unemployed and standing in lines outside soup kitchens. Instead, the U.S. jobless rate is at its lowest level since Neil Armstrong took his famous first step onto the moon’s surface 50 years ago.
The idea that the U.S. wins in a global slump might sound like the sardonic musing of some unreconstructed Marxist in the dingy corner of a faculty lounge. But such a view is not ideological. Rather, global interest rates are scraping the floor because GDP growth outside the U.S. is so sluggish.
Persistently low interest rates and weak inflation bring multiple benefits to the U.S. economy.
Persistently low interest rates and weak inflation bring multiple benefits to the U.S. economy. For starters, American consumers, whose real (inflation-adjusted) wages are finally increasing after decades of stagnation, are seeing all sorts of bargains. When I visited an Apple store a few days ago, an employee at the repair counter told me that I could finance a new iPhone at 0% interest. Car dealers are offering zero-interest financing, too.
Moreover, the U.S. stock market has soared because yields on bank certificates of deposit (CDs) look so puny. When I was a kid in the 1970s, my mother placed our family savings in a bank and received not only a 6% return, but also a blender. Today, a six-month bank CD might pay only one-third of a percentage point. And my mother can no longer expect a blender or even a lollipop from the bank in return for parking her money there.
Finally, low interest rates mean that U.S. businesses can obtain nearly free financing when they purchase equipment. As a result of low borrowing costs and new tax write-offs, the U.S. economy added 215,000 new machine manufacturing jobs in 2018. And foreign investors realize that new equipment will make U.S. companies more competitive.
But surely, the textbooks insist, a hobbled global economy will squeeze U.S. exports. That is true – especially when combined with China’s new tariffs on American goods and a strong dollar, which makes U.S. exports more expensive internationally.
Still, exports make up only 12% of the U.S. economy, and nearly one-third of them go to Canada and Mexico, whose economies have been doing ok. Moreover, many of the most valuable U.S. exports are “must have” items (or oligopolistic goods made by only a few companies), such as Boeing jets, Qualcomm chips, or Apple iPhones. It is hard even for dejected Frenchmen or angst-ridden Germans to do without these.
The buoyancy of the U.S. economy worries policymakers in other countries. They would prefer if the U.S. stumbled along beside them and was forced to concoct cooperative ways of boosting global growth. Instead, Trump needles rather than wheedles for trade deals, and happily pockets the benefits to the U.S. economy which result from doldrums abroad.
No one knows when Trump’s trade needling will stop, of course. But as long as inflation remains a distant specter, America’s economy will continue to enjoy this unusual type of growth.
Todd G. Buchholz has served as director of economic policy under President George H.W. Bush and as managing director of the Tiger hedge fund. He was awarded Harvard University’s Allyn Young Teaching Prize in economics and is the author of New Ideas from Dead Economists and The Price of Prosperity.
